处于活跃状态的逻辑卷可以通过块设备使用。. Logical Volume Manager (LVM) Most people install Proxmox VE directly on a local disk. # lvcreate --addtag pacemaker -L +1G -n testlv1 myNewVG --config 'activation I tried to use system rescue cd to boot and activate the volume groups, I got: Couldn't find device with uuid xxxx. If you want to activate system-wide – all VG including all LV in the system. If autoactivation option is used (-aay), the logical volume is activated only if it matches an item Jan 1, 2024 · Step 3: Activate Logical Volume. Choosing CLVM or HA-LVM. I was able to mount home LV but not root LV. Refusing activation of the partial LV root. OPTIONS See lvm (8) for common options. Controlling Logical Volume Activation; 4. Controlling autoactivation of logical volumes and volume groups; 13. was installing Qubes on USB drive prior to boot issue. Create physical volumes. Share. For more information, see Managing LVM volume groups. This command used to create a new logical volume. Use --partial to override. I tried adding an external 4-drive enclosure via eSATA, and discovered the hard way that the eSATA on the motherboard doesn't support port replication. 13. 只允许激活没有缺失物理卷的逻辑卷。. 8, “Activating Logical Volumes on Individual Nodes in a Cluster”. For more information, see Managing LVM logical volumes. If a volume group is inactive, you'll have the issues you've described. These are physical "block devices" that must be initialized for LVM use, using the pvcreate command. An activated logical volume is accessible and is subject to change. Now, i try to use the varyonvg command to activate the logical volume, then i get the following message: PV Status: hdisk1 00523af09b1fd3ab PVNOTFND. This configuration is not recommended, as ZFS works best when it uses raw physical devices 3 Working With Logical Volume Manager. The physical volume (PV) is a partition or whole disk designated for LVM use. LV : Logical Volumes. answered Feb 21, 2015 at 22:07. LVs sit inside a Volume Group and form, in effect, a virtual partition. LVM consists of three key pieces. Create the filesystem as well on the logical volume if required. 4, “Changing the Parameters of a Logical Volume Group”, For information on activating logical volumes on individual nodes in a cluster, see Section 4. “HDD—1-HDD…” to “HDD-1/HDD…”), below shows a glipse of how it looks in the terminal. 16, “RAID Logical Volumes” . [anaconda root@centos-8 ~]# vgchange -ay 2 logical volume(s) in volume group "rhel" now active. 11, “Changing the Parameters of a Logical Volume Group”, For information on activating logical volumes on individual nodes in a cluster, see Section 4. It uses a plugin-type framework to deploying OSDs with different device technologies. Well, the lvs output doesn't show the usage information because the volumes are not active, but the sum of LSizes of volumes in the pool is much bigger than the size of the pool (even without the snapshots where only the delta contributes to how much space they actually require). To reactivate the volume group, run: # vgchange -a y my_volume_group. By default, when you create a logical volume, it is in an active state. markweekes First post 12. You can set the autoactivation property on a VG or LV. . You’d use fsck on LVM logical volumes that have a filesystem just the same way you’d run it on a disk partition with a filesystem on it. May 4, 2013 · As of the Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6. conf (or something like it) in your initramfs image and then repack it again. 这些值如下所述：. Autoactivation of a logical volume refers to the event-based automatic activation of a logical volume during system startup. Aug 22, 2021 · Activation of logical volume HDD-1/vm-100-disk-0 is prohibited while logical volume HDD-1/HDD-1_tmeta is active. You can do that by running the commands below: sudo pvs -a. The following command changes the permission on volume lvol1 in volume group vg00 to be read-only. I need to use vgchange -ay command to activate them by hand. The –size option defines the size of the logical volume by allocating logical extents from the free Logical volume (LV) "Virtual/logical partition" that resides in a VG and is composed of PEs. Apr 3, 2012 · You can deactivate individual logical volumes with the lvchange command, as described in Section 4. PV : Physical Volumes. 8, “Activating Logical Volumes on Individual Nodes in a Feb 7, 2011 · Create logical volume. 6. Click the logical volume. 82t 0 /dev/sdc1 volume_group_1 lvm2 a-- <1. The method caches both read and write operations. You could also do this by hand by unpacking initramfs and changing /etc/lvm/lvm. Communicates with the kernel device-mapper driver via libdevmapper to activate (-ay) or deactivate 1. 21. LVM metadata can be corrupted, but in general, LVM does a good job automatically fixing itself from backup stored in Nov 18, 2016 · Part 3 : Logical Volume (lvsync, lvlnboot) Logical volumes are small slices carved out of physical volumes storage space which is collectively available in the volume group. 5. Activating shared logical volumes; 13. To deactivate a volume group, use the -a ( --activate) argument of the vgchange command. This command automatically creates the block device nodes in the /dev directory. Chapter 13. root@onlinelabtests:~# vgchange -a y 2 logical volume(s) in volume group "SysVolGroup" now active 2 logical volume(s) in volume group "SysVolGroup" now active But /dev/disk/by-uuid still doesnt show anything else. A volume group (VG) is a collection of physical volumes (PVs), which creates a pool of disk space out of which logical volumes can be allocated. lvm) Scanning for LVM volume groups Reading all physical volumes. Apr 17, 2020 · LVM architecture. Questions about SNMP, Power, System, Logs, disk, & RAID. conf configuration file. Any help appreciated. So I have had a host that routinely loses a local SR, after patching and reboots, about 2 out of 4 times. This is a collection of one or more Physical Volumes. This creates a snapshot of the origin logical volume named /dev/vg00/lvol1. 7 release, if you need to create a consistent backup of data on a clustered logical volume you can activate the volume exclusively and then create the snapshot. Standard file systems, such as EXT4 or XFS, can be created on a logical volume. Communicates with the kernel device-mapper driver via libdevmapper to activate (-ay) or deactivate (-an) the logical volumes. Mar 3, 2020 · LVM volume does not activate at boot time The /var/log/boot. Logical volume management (LVM) creates a layer of abstraction over physical storage to create a logical storage volume, which is a virtual block storage device that a file system, database, or application can use. Logical volume activation. To activate logical volumes exclusively on one node, use the lvchange -aey command. I am wondering if it is possible to access the root LV Feb 20, 2020 · How to deactivate a LVM logical volume activated by #vgchange -aay on Linux. Chapter 3. You can independently activate the volume, extend the volume, rename the volume, remove the volume, and even snapshot the volume. 5. You can control the activation of logical volume in the following ways: Through the activation/volume_list setting in the /etc/lvm/conf file. By using these PVs, you can create a volume group (VG) to create a Jan 5, 2023 · To create a logical volume from a volume group storage pool, use the lvcreate command. Jun 18, 2013 · It'll say that a UUID is missing and this is what you need. As a storage administrator, you can prepare, create, and activate Ceph OSDs using the ceph-volume utility. Once you have your physical volumes, we can combine those into a single volume group (VG) using the vgcreate Apr 13, 2020 · That volume group was created by joining two unique 1G physical volumes. Note: If the lslv command cannot find information for a field in the Device Configuration Database, it will insert a question Mar 10, 2022 · I think you'll need to deactivate pve/data_tdata and pve/data_tmeta to be able to activate pve/data. Sep 10, 2023 · Here, sdb and sdc is the new hard disks that we have added. Post Reply. You can later activate them on additional nodes concurrently. Print view; 3 posts • Page 1 of 1. note this all works fine if I boot with the old kernel. Common Tasks. Caching methods in LVM. If you are using a whole disk device for your physical volume, the disk must have no partition table. A similar screen below should appear on your console. Managing LVM volume groups. Here is lvdisplay output: [root@machine-name ~]# lvdisplay. The command above will list all the disks available on the system. The Proxmox VE installation CD offers several options for local disk management, and the current default setup uses LVM. Limiting LVM device See full list on linuxhandbook. Use the lvcreate command to create a new logical volume. conf In the volume list section put this in volume_list = [ "ssd_vg", "kubuntu-vg/home_lv" ] result after rebooting Definitions. See lvm (8) for common options. PDF. The syntax is: # lvcreate [options] --size [size] --name LV_name VG_name. Its main purpose is to activate and deactivate VolumeGroupName, or all volume groups if none is specified. 17. I tried lvchange -a y fusvg command to activate it but didn't work. ext4 -m 0 /dev/mynew_vg/vol01. msg shows the following: run boot scripts (boot. fsck is a filesystem checker. Communicates with the kernel device-mapper driver via libdevmapper to activate Apr 10, 2021 · The logical volume is almost ready to use. By using these PVs, you can create a volume group (VG) to create a Feb 21, 2007 · 0516-822 mklv: Unable to create logical volume. As well as the logical volume home_lv on the kubuntu-vg to be active. ZFS operates on raw devices, so it is possible to create a storage pool comprised of logical volumes, either software or hardware. they can be directly formatted with a file system. lvcreate creates a new logical volume in a volume group (see vgcreate(8), vgchange(8)) by allocating logical. The -L or --size option of lvreduce command reduces the logical volume in units of megabytes. The lslv command displays the characteristics and status of the LogicalVolume or lists the logical volume allocation map for the physical partitions on the PhysicalVolume. That volume group can then be subdivided into logical volumes (LV) or used as a single large volume. To activate and deactivate all the logical volumes in a volume group at the same time, use the vgchange command, as described in Section 5. 默认情况下，当您创建逻辑卷时，它处于活动状态。. conf does not help. vgchange command in linux is the command-line tool that can be used for activating and deactivating VG in linux basically vgchange command in linux is used for changing the parameter of the volume group. Logical volumes are mounted on directories as a mount point. Creating Logical Volumes. The logical volume can be a name or identifier. Only root logical volume is available, on this volume system is installed. Otherwise, any LVM display command will produce input/output errors, and the partition will not be mountable. Moving Extents to a New Disk 6. Controlling logical volume activation. extents then the volume group can be extended (see vgextend(8)) with other physical volumes or by reducing. Background: Sep 15, 2023 · Autoactivation of a logical volume refers to the event-based automatic activation of a logical volume during system startup. e. after I connected it again. Log in to Cockpit. 20, “Controlling Logical Volume Activation” . Scan your system for LVM volumes and identify in the output the volume group name that has your Fedora volume (mine proved to be VolGroup00): $ sudo vgscan Activate the volume: $ sudo vgchange -ay VolGroup00 Find the logical volume that has your Fedora root filesystem (mine proved to be LogVol00): $ sudo lvs Create a mount point for that volume: Nov 20, 2021 · the issue comes from an enabled local-lvm storage, which doesn't actually exist, i. You'll have to run vgchange with the appropriate parameters to reactivate the VG. Creating myvolg-myvol Loading table for myvolg-myvol (252:2). Each one is suitable for different kinds of I/O patterns on the logical volume. May 4, 2010 · To activate and deactivate all the logical volumes in a volume group at the same time, use the vgchange command, as described in Section 5. If the segment type of the logical volumes is RAID, resynchronize the logical volumes: # lvchange --resync myvg/mylv; Activate the logical volumes: # lvchange --activate y myvg/mylv; If the on-disk LVM metadata takes at least as much space as what overrode it, this procedure can recover the physical volume. The following command creates a snapshot logical volume that is 100 MB in size named /dev/vg00/snap. Adding volume names to auto_activation_volume_list in /etc/lvm/lvm. AES-XTS 128 bits is the default. All we need to do is to create a filesystem on it with the mkfs command. download PDF. Creating a thinly provisioned logical volume using Cockpit. 允许激活含有缺失物理卷的 RAID 6. As of the Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5. CLVMD provides a system for coordinating activation of and changes to A logical volume is a virtual, block storage device that a file system, database, or application can use. or use lsblk to view the volumes too (just change the volume text formatting to match how lv2 needs to see it e. Chapter 4. Managing LVM physical volumes. This means the hard disk, hard disk partitions, RAID or LUNs from a SAN which form "Physical Volumes" (or PVs). Wiping known signatures on logical volume myvolg/myvol. Not finding data-root (boot drive) was using Gparted and Disks to partition, format external drives prior to boot issue. A logical volume that is an active state can be used through a block device. Jun 30, 2015 · I needed both logical volumes on the ssd_vg volume group to be active on boot. The -L command designates the size of the logical volume, in this case 3 GB, and the -n command names the volume. Creating a Mirrored LVM Logical Volume in a Cluster 7. The following command creates a logical volume 10 gigabytes in size in the volume group vg1 . Six key slots per LV; The supported algorithms are Advanced Encryption Standard XTS mode (AES-XTS) 128 bits or 256 bits. LVs are Unix block devices analogous to physical partitions, e. Simply disable/remove that storage (or restrict it to the nodes that actually have it). g. Removing a Disk from a Logical Volume" 6. 第 13 章 逻辑卷激活. 0516-013 varyonvg: The volume group cannot be varied on because. 4. Consult your system documentation for the appropriate flags. A logical volume is a virtual, block storage device that a file system, database, or application can use. 您可以使用 lvchange 命令的 -a lvchange allows you to change the attributes of a logical volume including making them known to the kernel ready for use. Through its use of the device mapper (DM) to create an abstraction layer, LVM provides you the capability to by which you can configure physical and logical volumes. dm-cache. Vgpool is referenced so that the lvcreate command knows what volume to get the space from. Initializing 4. The Volume Group Overview page opens. Moving Extents to Existing Physical Volumes 6. # lvcreate -L 10G vg1. The installer lets you select a single disk for such setup, and uses that disk as physical volume for the V olume G roup (VG) pve. For information on activating logical volumes exclusively on one node, see Section 5. 20. -a|--activate [a] [e|s|l] {y|n} Controls the availability of the logical volumes for use. For instance, to create a 10G logical volume named test from the LVMVolGroup volume group, write: A logical volume is a virtual, block storage device that a file system, database, or application can use. Click on System. Logical volume A logical volume represents a mountable storage device. At the heart of LVM, your physical volumes (PV) will act as your starting point. but after rebooting again I hit the same problem. 3 release, you can use LVM to create, display, rename, use, and remove RAID logical volumes. LVM HOWTO. 激活的逻辑卷可以被访问，并可能会发生变化。. I do. VG : Volume Groups. 您可以控制缺少设备的 LV 是否可以使用带有 --activationmode partial|degraded|complete 选项的 lvchange 命令激活。. What did work was to edit /etc/lvm/lvm. The following command reduces the size of the logical volume by 40 MiB. 有些情况下，您需要使单个逻辑卷不活跃，因此对内核未知。. -a, --activate [a|e|l]{y|n} Controls the availability of the logical volumes for use. A snapshot of a thin logical volume also creates a thin logical volume (LV). After rebooting the system or running vgchange -an, you will not be able to access your VGs and LVs. Whether you should use CLVM depends on your system requirements: Apr 4, 2016 · For information on controlling the activation of a snapshot volume, see Section 4. Only active volume groups are subject to changes and allow access to their logical volumes. you might run vgscan or vgdisplay to see the status of the volume groups. An extent is the smallest unit of space Chapter 3. Here I am going to use a small portion of that volume group to create a linear logical volume titled, very creatively, lv_linear. no logical volume pve/data. vgchange -ay <vgpath>. With the - sign, the size will be subtracted from the actual size of the logical volume. Activating a volume group. And then edit the local-lvm storage on the first node and restrict the nodes to the first node. vgchange -an <vgpath>. Controlling LVM Device Scans with Filters; 4. When to use CLVM or HA-LVM should be based on the needs of the applications or services being deployed. This flag is not applied during deactivation. there are no good copies of the descriptor area. vgchange allows you to change the attributes of one or more volume groups. # mkfs. If there are not enough free physical. Click the Storage page on the right side. This may take a while Found volume group "vg00" using metadata type lvm2 Activating LVM volume groups 5 logical volume(s) in volume group "vg00" now active. Logical volume activation; 13. Online Data Relocation; 4. ceph-volume is a single purpose command line tool to deploy logical volumes as OSDs, trying to maintain a similar API to ceph-disk when preparing, activating, and creating OSDs. Unable to activate logical volume. As devices become available on the system (device online events), systemd/udev runs the lvm2-pvscan service for each device. -a, --activate [ a|e|l] {y|n} Controls the availability of the logical volumes for use. 82t 0 /dev/sdb1 volume_group_1 lvm2 a-- <1. This creates a pool of disk space out of which LVM logical volumes (LVs) can be allocated. Physical extent (PE) The smallest contiguous extent (default 4 MiB) in the PV that can be assigned to a LV. Activating a logical volume with missing devices; 14. 在缺少设备的情况下激活逻辑卷. Feb 21, 2021 · Check the outputs of lvs and zfs list, and if that is indeed the case, you want to add the ZFS storage on the second server Datacenter > Storage > Add > ZFS while restricting the nodes to the second node. Extending a Logical Volume with the cling Allocation Policy; 4. 1 logical volume(s) in volume group "ubuntu" now active. To list the available logical volumes and volume groups: You should update your initramfs image that's started at boot time by grub (in Debian you do this with update-initramfs, don't know about other distros). With vgchange, you can activate or deactivate a volume group, change its access mode, or modify its physical volume attributes. 3 and Later) 4. Description. This allows you to specify which logical volumes are activated. For more details check LVM legends. 00 KiB of logical volume myvolg/myvol with value 0. extents from the free physical extent pool of that volume group. When the autoactivation property is disabled, the VG or LV will not be activated by a command doing autoactivation, such as vgchange , lvchange , or pvscan using -aay Apr 6, 2020 · After installing the LVM2 package, continue below to create your first logical volume group. An extent is the smallest unit of space Follow these instructions to activate a logical volume using Cockpit. Reduce the size of the logical volume in units of megabytes. Then, type vgcfgrestore volgroupname where volgroupname is the name given to the volume group (so vgcfgrestore Nov 24, 2021 · Logical volumes messed up. This initializes physical volume(s) for later use by the Logical Volume Manager (LVM 4. A volume group (VG) is a collection of physical volumes (PVs), which creates a pool of disk space out of which logical volumes (LVs) can be allocated. 8, “Changing the Parameters of a Volume Group”. LV Path /dev/fusvg/fuslv. Removing a Disk from a Logical Volume" Collapse section "6. Output of both commands: Code: Jul 29, 2020 · Activate and Deactivate Volume Group LINUX. An extent is the smallest unit of space dracut:/# lvm vgchange -ay 2 logical volume(s) in volume group "vg_myhost" now active dracut:/# exit boots normally After making these available and exiting dracut shell, the OS booted just fine. First, list the physical drives on the machine. 46t 0 [root@charybdis /]# lvs LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert chuckleBucket volume_group_1 rwi Volume groups are collections of physical volumes that have been combined into a single logical volume for easier management. $ sudo vgdisplay --- Volume group --- VG Name mint-vg System ID Format lvm2 Metadata Areas 1 Metadata Sequence No 3 VG Access read/write VG Status resizable MAX LV 0 Cur LV 2 Open LV 0 Max PV 0 Cur PV 1 Act PV 1 VG Size 119,00 GiB PE Size 4,00 MiB Total PE 30464 Alloc PE / Size 30464 / 119,00 GiB Free PE / Size 0 / 0 VG UUID jWIQCX-uxUT-aG1x Sep 25, 2020 · Logical volume shows Not Active. Create a logical Logical volume management (LVM) creates a layer of abstraction over physical storage to create a logical storage volume, which is a virtual block storage device that a file system, database, or application can use. # vgchange -a n vg. 7. Next we must activate our logical volume before we can shrink root LVM filesystem. Specify the size of the logical volume with the -L option, then specify a name with the -n option, and pass in the volume group to allocate the space from. You can also activate logical volumes on individual nodes by using LVM tags Configuring and managing the LVM on RHEL. Controlling Logical Volume Activation. A thin snapshot volume has the same characteristics as any other thin volume. Activating Logical Volumes on Individual Nodes Jan 2, 2024 · 1. LVM provides the following kinds of caching. 11. 这是限制性最强的模式。. Objectives. As described in ZFS Pooled Storage, ZFS eliminates the need for a separate volume manager. Logical Volume Manager (LVM) enables you to manage multiple physical volumes and configure mirroring and striping of logical volumes. To deactivates the volume group vg, use this command. done Jun 3, 2019 · I set up an Open Media Vault server with 4 physical discs, a single physical volume and single volume group, and a single logical volume, all called "Fantasia". 7, “Activating Logical Volumes on Individual Nodes in a Cluster”. LVM is a storage volume manager, not a filesystem. Apr 4, 2022 · To change the size of a volume on Windows 11, use these steps: Open Settings. CLVM is part of the Resilient Storage Add-On. --- Logical volume ---. Disabling caching for a logical volume; 13. If the problem is related to the logical volume activation, enable LVM to log messages during the activation: Set the activation = 1 option in the log section of the /etc/lvm/lvm. Chapter 11. For information on RAID logical volumes, see Section 5. Controlling logical volume activation; 13. You may need to make a LVM volume group inactive and thus unknown to the kernel. 19. Jan 4, 2020 · 3. Source: Windows Central (Image credit: Source: Windows 12. I encontered the same issue but it apeared when i was trying to add the sata ports, as a pci device, to the vm. It deviates from ceph-disk by not interacting or relying on the udev rules that come installed for Ceph. These extensions allow a cluster of computers to manage shared storage (for example, on a SAN) using LVM. You can flag a logical volume to be skipped during normal activation commands with the -k or --setactivationskip {y|n} option of the lvcreate or lvchange command. This method speeds up access to frequently used data by caching it on the faster volume. edited Feb 21, 2015 at 23:25. 2. Removing a Disk from a Logical Volume Expand section "6. Dec 15, 2022 · On every reboot logical volume swap and drbd isn't activated. If multiple nodes of the cluster require simultaneous read/write access to LVM volumes in an active/active system, then you must use CLVMD. The physical volume (PV) is either a partition or a whole disk. [Not yet implemented: During volume group activation, if Traditional Volume Management. You can also activate logical volumes on individual nodes by using LVM tags Create logical volumes within this volume group as in the following example, otherwise perform any necessary administration on the volume group. To use the device for an LVM logical volume, the device must be initialized as a physical volume. Logical volume "myvol" created. Dec 16, 2020 · The key server and PKS protection methods can be used to automatically unlock and activate the encrypted logical volume during varyonvg. The -m option specifies the percentage reserved for the super-user, we can set this to 0 to use all the available space (the default is 5%). Chapter 6. . I tried a few different approaches to re introduce the SR, xe pbd-create, and just forgetting and re-creating the SR from cli and the UI - all my efforts have failed each time. There are various circumstances, where you need to make an individual logical volume Chapter 4. new kernel args The Clustered Logical Volume Manager (CLVM) is a set of clustering extensions to LVM. Click Activate . My Logical Volume device file is not present at /dev/fusvg/fuslv as lvdisplay output shows. This is done with pvcreate. 3. Alternatively, you can use lvchange -aly command to activate logical volumes only on the local node but not exclusively. The ceph-volume utility is a single purpose command-line tool to deploy logical volumes as OSDs. This tutorial will work with the Oracle Linux Volume Manager utilities to create, mount and increase the capacity of logical volumes. Resuming myvolg-myvol (252:2). 3. Tracking and Displaying Historical Logical Volumes (Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7. For information about using this option, see the /etc/lvm/lvm. This example creates a logical volume that is 1G in size. Apr 3, 2011 · You can deactivate individual logical volumes with the lvchange command, as described in Section 4. Within a volume group, the disk space available for allocation is divided into units of a fixed-size called extents. LV Name fuslv. before I remove the disk and. com Controlling Logical Volume Activation. 82t 0 [root@charybdis /]# vgs VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree volume_group_1 3 1 0 wz--n- <5. To create the logical volume that LVM will use: lvcreate -L 3G -n lvstuff vgpool. 7. Usually "SR_BACKEND_FAILURE_52" and "Logical Volume mount DESCRIPTION lvchange allows you to change the attributes of a logical volume including making them known to the kernel ready for use. Click the hostname Storage . Then, when you have the new disk in the server, type: pvcreate --uuid uidhere /dev/sdc where "uidhere" is the UUID you got from pvscan and /dev/sdc is the new disk device. Click the volume group. You can determine whether this flag is set for Mar 27, 2019 · [root@charybdis /]# pvs PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree /dev/sda1 volume_group_1 lvm2 a-- <1. The ceph-volume utility. To create an LVM logical volume, the physical volumes (PVs) are combined into a volume group (VG). Somewhere between partioning, formatting, and booting to Qubes install, logical volumes got screwed up. OPTIONS See lvm(8) for common options. 1. Logical volume "lv_linear" created. Seen below: [root@rhel ~]# lvcreate -L 500M -n lv_linear LVMvgTEST. This isn't RAID and isn't encrypted. activation/volume_list configuration setting not defined: Checking only host tags for myvolg/myvol. Command: lvcreate. dg qj fm ia ok tr ce aq ya zy